Orange is a tropical to semitropical, evergreen, small flowering tree growing to about 5 to 8 m talland bears seasonal fruits that measure about 3 inches in diameter and weigh about 100-150 g. Oranges are classified into two general categories, sweet and bitter, with the former being the type most commonly consumed. Popular sweet-varieties include Valencia, Navel, Persian variety, and blood orange.
Tangerines are related varieties of oranges distinguished by loose, easily peeled shin (pericarp) and sweet juicy flesh (arils). They are also known as mandarin oranges in Europe and Satsumas in Japan. Just as oranges, these too belong to the Rutaceae (citrus Family) and known scientifically as Citrus reticulata.
Fruits belonging to the citrus group are described as “hesperidium,” (A hesperidium is a scientific term to describe the fruit structure belonging to the citrus group. In fact, the fruit is a modified berry with tough, leathery rind. Orange peel contains many volatile oil glands in pits. Interior flesh is composed of segments, called carpels, made up of numerous fluid-filled vesicles that are actually specialized hair cells).
The orange (specifically, the sweet orange) is the fruit of the citrus species Citrus × sinensis in the family Rutaceae. The fruit of the Citrus sinensis is called sweet orange to distinguish it from that of the Citrus aurantium, the bitter orange. The orange is a hybrid, possibly between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata), cultivated since ancient times.
Probably originated in Southeast Asia, oranges were already cultivated in China as far back as 2500 BC. Between the late 15th century and the beginnings of the 16th century, Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees in the Mediterranean area. The Spanish introduced the sweet orange to the American continent in the mid-1500s.
Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for its sweet fruit, which can be eaten fresh or processed to obtain juice, and for its fragrant peel. They have been the most cultivated tree fruit in the world since 1987, and sweet oranges account for approximately 70% of the citrus production. In 2010, 68.3 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, particularly in Brazil and in the US states of California and Florida.
The origin of the term orange is presumably the Sanskrit word for "orange tree" (नारङगम्, nāraṅga), whose form has changed over time, after passing through numerous intermediate languages. The fruit is known as "Chinese apple" in several modern languages. Some examples are Dutch sinaasappel (literally, "China's apple") and appelsien, or Low German Apfelsine. In English, however, Chinese apple usually refers to the pomegranate.
All citrus trees belong to the single genus Citrus and remain almost entirely interfertile. This means that there is only one superspecies that includes grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges and various other types and hybrids. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids, bud unions and cultivars, their taxonomy is fairly controversial, confusing or inconsistent. The fruit of any citrus tree is considered a hesperidium (a kind of modified berry) because it has numerous seeds, is fleshy and soft, derives from a single ovary and is covered by a rind originated by a rugged thickening of the ovary wall.
Different names have been given to the many varieties of the genus. Orange applies primarily to the sweet orange – Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. The orange tree is an evergreen, flowering tree, with an average height of 9 to 10 metres (30 to 33 ft), although some very old specimens can reach 15 metres (49 ft).[15] Its oval leaves, alternately arranged, are 4 to 10 centimetres (1.6 to 3.9 in) long and have crenulate margins.[16] Although the sweet orange presents different sizes and shapes varying from spherical to oblong, it generally has ten segments (carpels) inside, contains up to six seeds (or pips) and a porous white tissue – called pith or, more properly, mesocarp or albedo lines its rind. When unripe, the fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non-climacteric. The Citrus sinensis is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics: common oranges, blood or pigmented oranges, navel oranges and acidless oranges.
Other citrus species also known as oranges are:
the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), also known as Seville orange, sour orange – especially when used as rootstock for a sweet orange tree –, bigarade orange and marmalade orange;
the bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia Risso). It is grown mainly in Italy for its peel, which is used to flavour Earl Grey tea;
Four satsumas
Satsumasthe trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), sometimes included in the genus (classified as Citrus trifoliata). It often serves as a rootstock for sweet orange trees, especially as a hybrid with other Citrus cultivars. The trifoliate orange is a thorny shrub or small tree grown mostly as an ornamental plant or to set up hedges. It bears a downy fruit similar to a small citrus, used to make marmalade. It is native to northern China and Korea, and is also known as "Chinese bitter orange" or "hardy orange" because it can withstand subfreezing temperatures; and the mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata). It has an enormous number of cultivars, most notably the satsuma (Citrus unshiu), the tangerine (Citrus tangerina) and the clementine (Citrus clementina). In some cultivars, the mandarin is very similar to the sweet orange, making it difficult to distinguish the two. The mandarin, though, is generally smaller and oblate, easier to peel and less acid.
Orange trees are generally grafted. The bottom of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, while the fruit-bearing top has two different names: budwood (when referring to the process of grafting) and scion (when mentioning the variety of orange).
Advantage of Orange
Nutrients in oranges are plentiful and diverse. The fruit is low in calories, contains no saturated fats or cholesterol, but is rich in dietary fiber, pectin, which is very effective in persons with excess body weight. Pectin, by its action as a bulk laxative, helps to protect the mucous membrane of the colon by decreasing its exposure time to toxic substances as well as by binding to cancer-causing chemicals in the colon. Pectin has also been shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels by decreasing its re-absorption in the colon by binding to bile acids in the colon.
Oranges, like other citrus fruits, is an excellent source of vitamin C (provides 53.2 mg per 100 g, about 90% of DRI); Vitamin C is a powerful natural antioxidant. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals from the blood.
Orange fruit contains a variety of phytochemicals. Hesperetin, naringin, and naringenin are flavonoids found in citrus fruits. Naringenin is found to have a bio-active effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory, and immune system modulator. This substance has also been shown to reduce oxidant injury to DNA in vitro studies. Total antioxidant strength (ORAC) of oranges (navel variety) is 1819 µmol TE/100 g.
Oranges also contain very good levels of vitamin A, and other flavonoid antioxidants such as alpha and beta-carotenes, beta-cryptoxanthin, zea-xanthin and lutein. These compounds are known to have antioxidant properties. Vitamin A is also required for maintaining healthy mucus membranes and skin and is essential for vision. Consumption of natural fruits rich in flavonoids helps the body to protect from lung and oral cavity cancers.
It is also a very good source of B-complex vitamins such as thiamin, pyridoxine, and folates. These vitamins are essential in the sense that body requires them from external sources to replenish.
Orange fruit also contains a very good amount of minerals like potassium and calcium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps control heart rate and blood pressure through countering sodium actions.
Citrus fruits, as such, have long been valued for their wholesome nutritious and antioxidant properties. It is scientifically established that citrus fruits, especially oranges, by virtue of their richness in vitamins and minerals, have many proven health benefits. Moreover, it is now beginning to be appreciated that the other biologically active, non-nutrient compounds in the citrus fruits such as phyto-chemical antioxidants, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber helps in cutting risk for cancers, chronic diseases like arthritis, obesity, and coronary heart diseases.
filter the blood and kill the worm syrup and wholesome.
Orange juice removes fever, kill it and help to fall in temperature caused by fever.
Expels phlegm and useful to clean the pharynx and larynx.
Diuretic and detergent for college and the bladder.
Laxative and removes waste of the stomach and intestines and cleans.
Orange helps to heal wounds and to cure skin diseases and is useful for high blood pressure.
Strengthens the stomach and strengthens the teeth and removes some of the diseases of the gums in the mouth and heartbreaking items in the gravel and sand expelled from the body.
Orange juice and tonic and appetizer, especially for those who complain of anemia
Strengthens the nerves, heart, hypnotic and calming and relaxing for the brain.
Orange strengthens bones and nails, hair and teeth and reduces the percentage of fat (cholesterol).
Regulating the process of the human respiratory tract.
An anti-cough and influenza.13 - Orange helps to expel gas.
Orange regulating the work of muscles and veins.
Against sexually transmitted diseases and HIV smooth and some venereal diseases.
Is useful for skin diseases and scabies.
Useful for tumors of the uterus, ovaries, and urinary tract and prostate.
Useful for cases of vomiting
Orange useful for tumors, arthritis, gout, Alrmatesm and hardening of the arteries.
Helps to remove the effects of poisoning as a result of the use of chemical medicines.
Strengthen the nervous system and digestive system and is useful in the treatment of tumors of the seat and hemorrhoids.
Prevent a lot of cancers.
Orange juice and useful for diseases of typhoid.
Is useful for people with colds and the flu.
Agent Orange is useful to eliminate some of the candidates to the reproductive system in women syrup and useful and compensates for the mother's milk.
A useful and beneficial, and perfumed with the Authority.
Orange good drug and is useful to remove the gums and mouth sores.
Benefit the use of orange peel over the coal burning in Almnaql covering the smell of orange peel smell of pure coal.
In 1930, Dr. (Maranon) in Spain split vitamins ubiquitous orange and I consider them useful for diabetics as well as thought (Dr. Crane's father) The orange juice is useful for the treatment of diabetic patients, Dr. (Scheuer brooch) Spanish is the orange syrup and very useful for many diseases.
In orange are many benefits even in the outer crust and fat and seeds (nuclei) that are not extravagant in eating (run-off return anything) (eat and drink waste not by excess).
After washing and orange peel (dried), so that can be milled in the mill electrical Kalboudr a good benefit for use with milk or when making work and Custard (Alcastr) or the work of sweets, cakes and Kmatr substitute for vanilla, a benefit for the stomach gas ... And has a good flavor and a natural fragrance and color.
According to the large French flag (Ms. Rando Osé) President of the Foundation Food Hygiene to the presence of acid and a natural chemical in the orange juice is very useful for the body and provide heat and provide vitality and activity to it.
Of fruits useful for adults and young people and children especially in the winter and is useful for indigestion, and stated in the books (old) that China is the origin of the fruit orange?!
Wrote a Chinese year AD 1178 there are 27 types of oranges, some without seeds (nuclei).
Considered the Chinese symbol of happiness and orange Persians said that it is better tree worthy of paradise in the Hereafter.
Last used nowadays many orange flowers (Tinderbox) and Tigana fragrances for brides.
That the characteristics and benefits of orange fruit and the many benefits in the treatment and cure of up to a degree which makes us say that a crate (carton) orange in the house even more than the equivalent natural pharmacy in the treatment of diseases and instrumental in healing.
Advised mothers of young children for the safety of their health and time feeding their children an orange or a cup of orange juice instead of chocolate or some sweets harmful.
The wondrous and mentioned that on the island of Fernandobo Africa there is an orange-sized equivalent to the size ofWe have found orange five times or more a sweet taste and a lot of water.
Sweet mix orange juice with a little honey is very beneficial and useful as food for small and equivalent to breast milk
Orange Juice
Orange juice remains the most commonly consumed fruit juice in America. Though it is on many breakfast tables, the benefits of orange juice remain poorly understood, says a study published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service. It is, however, a healthy drink for several reasons.
Provides Vitamin C
Drinking at least two glasses of orange juice per day increases the vitamin C concentration within the body by 40 to 64 percent, according to the said study published in the September 2003 "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition." Vitamin C, an essential vitamin that cannot be synthesized by the human body, is an important antioxidant, a substance that protects the body against the harmful effects of free radicals, the molecules that may cause tissue damage and early aging.
Protects Against Inflammation
The intake of glucose and high-fat meals induces the development of inflammatory reactions within the body. Inflammatory reactions lead to the development of increased insulin resistance, a common cause of Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, the hardening of blood vessel walls due to fat deposition. As mentioned in a study published in the April 2010 "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition," the intake of orange juice, together with a high-carbohydrate, high-fat meal, prevents the occurrence of inflammation within the body, making it a good preventive measure against the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.
Improves Diastolic Blood Pressure
Regular orange juice consumption may improve diastolic blood pressure, suggests a study published by "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition" in January 2011. According to this study, orange juice contains hesperidin, a healthy water-soluble plant pigment. Hesperidin serves to improve the activity of small blood vessels, blood pressure and decrease the cardiovascular risk biomarkers in susceptible patients.
Decreases Bad Cholesterol Levels
Regular orange juice consumption may lead to the decrease the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with high cholesterol level, suggests a study published in the October 2010 issue of the "Nutrition Research." However, the mechanism behind this blood cholesterol level improvement with orange juice consumption is still unclear. Further studies and clinical trials are necessary to further establish this fact.
Citrus juices contain flavonoids (especially in the pulp), that may have health benefits. Orange juice is also a source of the antioxidant hesperidin. Due to its citric acid content, orange juice is acidic, with a typical pH of around 3.5.
Drinking orange juice can make you more beautiful, according to a study by a panel of health and beauty experts.
The research revealed that nutritionists and beauty experts now advise a daily glass of orange juice to improve skin, hair and nails.
The panel of experts attribute the benefits to the vitamin C, potassium and folic acid it contains.
Vitamin C is essential in the production of collagen, along with super nutrient Lutein.
Its yellow pigment is linked to reducing sun-induced skin damage and is believed to improve elasticity of the skin.
A 200ml glass of orange typically contains 60mg vitamin C and equates to 100 per cent of an adult’s recommended daily amount.
Nutritionist Amanda Ursell said: “The adage of ‘you are what you eat’ is not a new one but science has lagged behind in determining the effect nutrition has on our skin, hair and nails.
“Beauty experts are starting to see the benefits of a glass of this nutrient packed product, realising it isn’t just what you put on your body but what you put into it too.”
The research was undertaken with 200 beauty industry workers who are members of CEW (Cosmetic Executive Women).
Two thirds of beauty professionals (65 per cent) say they recommend clients drink a glass a day as part of their current beauty routine.
Susan Mahy, board director at Cosmetic Executive Women UK, said: “The essential nutrients you need for healthy skin, hair and nails are most beneficial when ingested as part of your diet.
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